Subscripts and super scripts in jmp 13 free#

Recent studies have used geostatistical techniques to estimate subnational inequalities of safe water and sanitation from a variety of data sources reporting metrics of facility type 26, 27. To estimate the impact potential of SC-AWH, we first mapped the distribution of the approximately 2.2 billion people without SMDW 2. Unless stated otherwise, ranges of SY refer to RH between 30% and 90% at 20вЂ‰вЊ. In the context of specific yield, we use kWh to denote primary solar energy prior to thermal and other losses, and kWh PV to denote electrical energy supplied to the device from PV panels after conversion. Unlike solarвЂ“thermal devices, solar-driven coolerвЂ“condenser devices suffer from a steep loss in electric energy conversion. CoolerвЂ“condenser devices use work (typically electric energy) to actively cool air below its dew point and collect condensation and-if solar-driven-call for photovoltaic (PV) panels. This, however, requires extraction at lower RH when solar energy is available, raising questions about performance 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. By contrast, continuous-mode devices are not limited to a single daily cycle, and need only hold a small amount of water vapour in-process 3, 4, drastically reducing sorbent mass and device size. Active, sorbent-based AWH devices extract water using primarily solar thermal energy in one of two operational modes: diurnal-mode devices extract at night (when RH is higher) and condense during the day (when solar energy is available) in a single daily cycle, requiring a large sorbent bed. Passive devices are thus limited to geographic niches where dew or fog can be systematically harvested 7, 12, 24. AWH devices are categorized by energy source-active devices use external energy sources whereas passive devices rely solely on atmospheric conditions that allow for pre-condensed dew or fog to be harvested. Several classes of off-grid AWH designs exist or are being explored 8, 12, 22, 23, as summarized in Table 1.

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) shows promise to accelerate decentralized access to underserved communities if a cost-effective, off-grid device can be designed and scaled 6. Moreover, there is increasing global interest in solutions that provide safe drinking water without the environmental consequences of increasing reliance on bottled water and that do not require household-level intervention, which has limited adherence 20, 21. Traditional routes to bring SMDW on premises to currently unserved populations are estimated to cost US$114В billion per year (from 2015), more than three times the historical financing trend 19.

Subscripts and super scripts in jmp 13 free#

Progress towards this target is measured by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) as the percentage of population using safely managed drinking water (SMDW), where вЂsafely managedвЂ™ is defined as вЂњan improved source located on the premises, available when needed and free of fecal and priority chemical contaminationвЂќ 1, 2. Our tools can inform design trade-offs for atmospheric water harvesting devices that maximize global impact, alongside ongoing efforts to meet Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with existing technologies.Д®nsuring reliable access to safe drinking water for all remains a global challenge, and is formally recognized as an international development priority by 2030 in the United Nations framework for global development priorities, the Sustainable Development Goals 6.1 18. Indeed, these performance targets have been achieved experimentally in demonstrations of sorbent materials 15, 16, 17. We plot the impact potential of existing devices and new sorbent classes, which suggests that theseВ targets could be met with continued technological development, and well within thermodynamic limits. Such a device could meet a target average daily drinking water requirement of 5В litresВ perВ day per person 14.

Our assessment-using Google Earth Engine 13-introduces a hypothetical 1-metre-square device with a SY profile of 0.2 to 2.5В litresВ perВ kilowatt-hour (0.1 to 1.25В litresВ perВ kilowatt-hour for a 2-metre-square device) at 30% to 90% RH, respectively. Here we show that AWH could provide SMDW for a billion people. However, to our knowledge, no analysis has mapped the global potential ofВ AWH 12 despite favourable conditions in tropical regions, where two-thirds of people without SMDW live 2. Solar-driven atmospheric water harvesting (AWH)В devices with continuous cycling may accelerate progress by enablingВ decentralized extraction of water from air 3, 4, 5, 6, but low specific yields (SY) and lowВ daytime relative humidity (RH) haveВ raised questions about their performance (inВ litres of water outputВ per day) 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Access to safely managed drinking water (SMDW) remains a global challenge, and affects 2.2 billion people 1, 2.